Green-Solvent Extraction and Antioxidant Evaluation of Muntingia calabura L. Flowers Using the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Method

Nurmaya Effendi, St Maryam, Muh Rezky Hadi Wijaya

Abstract


Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) flowers are known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and tannins, which contribute to various pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant effects. Antioxidants play a crucial role in preventing or slowing oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of Muntingia calabura L. flowers using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The extraction process was carried out using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) with a green solvent approach. The antioxidant activity was analyzed using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer, and the results were expressed as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀), with quercetin used as a reference standard. The results showed that the Muntingia calabura flower extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 15.81 µg/mL, which falls within the category of very strong antioxidants (<50 µg/mL). In conclusion, the aqueous extract of Muntingia calabura L. flowers demonstrates significant antioxidant potential and may serve as a promising natural source of antioxidants for further development in pharmaceutical or nutraceutical applications.


Keywords


Extraction; MAE; phytochemical; radical; spectrophotometry

Full Text:

PDF

References


A., Singh, R., Iye, S., Prasad, S., Deshmukh, N., Gupta, U., Zanje, A., Patil, S., & Joshi, S. Phytochemical Analysis of Muntingia calabura Extract with Antimicrobial and Antifouling Activity. 2017. Https://Doi.Org/10.25258/Phyto.V9i6.8186

Agustina, E. Testing the Antioxidant Activity of Compounds from Fig Leaf Extract (Ficus Carica Linn) Using Water Solvent. Chlorophyll, 2017; 1(1), 38–47.

Badriyah, L., & Farihah, D. A. Analysis of Red Onion Skin (Allium Cepa L.) Extraction Using the Maceration Method. 2022; 3(1), 30–37.

Devitria, R. Testing the Antioxidant Activity of Ciplukan Leaf Methanol Extract Using the 2,2-Diphenyl 1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Method. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2020; 9(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.51887/jpfi.v9i1.800

Fawwaz, M., Purwono, B., Sidiq, Y., Arwansyah, Arsul, M. I., Fitriana & Baits, M. Anti‐inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities with Molecular Docking Studies of Vitex Trifolia L. Targeting Human COX‐2 and Peroxiredoxin‐5. ChemistrySelect, 2024; 9(39), e202403834.

Fina Fitria Sari, St Maryam, M. T. (2019). Antioxidant Activity Test of Methanol Extract of Kersen Flowers (Muntingia calabura L.) Using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2 Picrylhydrazil) Free Radical Scavenging Method.

Hasanah, N., Dahlia, A. A., & Handayani, V. Antioxidant Activity Test of Sea Kedondong Leaf Extract (Nothopanax Fructicosum (L.) Miq) Using the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Method. 2023; 1(2), 10–17.

Ilkafah, I. Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) as an Alternative Therapy for Gout Arthritis Patients. Jurnal Farmasi Medica/Pharmacy Medical Journal (PMJ), 2018; 1(1). https://doi.org/10.35799/PMJ.1.1.2018.19649

Ilmu, J., Upadhye, M., Kuchekar, M., Pujari, R., Kadam, S., Gunjal, P., & Muntingia, K. Muntingia Calabura: A Comprehensive Review. 2021; 9(2), 81–87.

Irawan, A. (2019). Spectrophotometer Calibration as Quality Assurance for Measurement Results in Research and Testing Activities. Indonesian Laboratory Journal, 1(2), 1. Https://Doi.Org/10.22146/Ijl.V1i2.44750

Lestari, P. A., Supriyono, T., & Rahayu, C. Analysis of Sugar Content, pH, Organoleptic Quality, and Acceptability of Goutseel Beverage with Proportions of Cherry Leaf and Apple Fruit Extracts. Sentri: Journal of Scientific Research, 2023; 2(12), 5501–5516. Https://Doi.Org/10.55681/Sentri.V2i12.1966

Maryam, S. Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Soursop Leaves (Annona Muricata L.) Based on Growing Location Using the DPPH Scavenging Method. 2019; 3(1), 146–150.

Molyneux, P. The Use of the Stable Free Radical Diphenylpicryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) to Estimate Antioxidant Activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 2004; 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.6.2.144

Mutammimah, S., Supriyanto, S., & Mu’tamar, M. F. F. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Kersen Leaf Extract (Muntingia calabura L) Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Method. Engineering, 2022; 15(1), 21–28. Https://Doi.Org/10.21107/Rekayasa.V15i1.13229

Riadini, R. K., Sidharta, B. B. R., & Pranata, F. S. Antioxidant Activity Test of Sambung Nyawa Leaf Extract (Gynura Procumbens (Lour.)Merr.) Based on Differences in Extraction Methods and Harvest Age. Ind J Pharm, 2015; 1, 1–16.

Rivai, M., & Mardiyanto, M. R. Identification of Smoke in the Air Using a Spectrophotometer and Artificial Neural Network. 2015.

Salimi, Y. K. Miana Leaves as Antioxidants and Anticancer Agents. In Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2021; 6(11), 951–952.

Sari, B. L., Triastinurmiatiningsih, T., & Haryani, T. S. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) Method to Determine Total Flavonoid Content of Brown Algae Padina Australis. Alchemy Journal of Chemical Research, 2020; 16(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.16.1.34186.38-49

Susiloningrum, D., Erliani, D., & Sari, M. Antioxidant Activity Test and Determination of Total Flavonoid Content of Temu Mangga (Curcuma Mangga Valeton & Zijp) Extract with Variations in Solvent Concentration. 2021; 5(2), 117–127.

Subandrate and Fatmawati. Comparison of Antioxidant Activity Between Extract and Nanofiber Forms of Ethanol Extract from Yellow Wood (Arcangelisia flava) Stems. Bachelor's Thesis, University of Sriwijaya. 2024.

Syarif, R. A., Muhajir, Ahmad, A. R., & Malik, A. Identification of Antioxidant Compound Groups Using the DPPH Radical Scavenging Method of Ethanol Extracts from Cordia Myxa L. Leaves. Indonesian Journal of Phytopharmaceuticals, 2015; 2(1), 83–89.

Integrated Taxonomy Information System. Taxonomic Hierarchy: Manihot Esculenta (P. https://www.itis.gov.). 2015.

Tahir, M., Maryam, S., Nurfauziah, P., & Nazhifah, N. Activity of Flavonoid Compounds from Ethanol Extract of Cherry Flower (Muntingia calabura L) as Sunscreen. Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy. 2022; 14(2), 97–104.

Tristantini, D., Ismawati, A., Pradana, B. T., & Gabriel, J. Testing Antioxidant Activity Using the DPPH Method on Tanjung Leaves (Mimusops elengi L). University of Indonesia, 2. 2016.

Tri Sapatri H, Triastinurmiatiningsih, Bina Lohita, I.N.S. Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Brown Seaweed (Padina australis)’, Αγαη, 2019; 8(5), p. 55.

Vadivel, K., Kumar, G. S., & Babu, S. M. Ex Vivo Antispasmodic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Flowers of Muntingia calabura Linn. on Excised Rabbit’s Jejunum. 2017; 301–303. https://doi.org/10.4103/pr.pr

Wulansari, A. N., Farmasi, F., Padjadjaran, U., & Ungu, C. Alternatif Cantigi Ungu (Vaccinium Varingiaefolium) Sebagai Antioksidan Alami. 16, 419–429.

Zela, Z., & Diah, A. W. M. Testing the Antioxidant Activity of Kersen Fruit Extract (Muntingia calabura L.) Using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazine. Media Eksakta, 2021; 17(2), 85–90. Https://Doi.Org/10.22487/Me.V17i2.1108.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33096/pharmrep.v5i1.398

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 

Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy
Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Jl. Urip Sumohardjo KM 5 Kampus II, Makassar 90231, Indonesia
pharmaceutical.reports@umi.ac.id 

 Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Indexed By: